Skill Preparation

Some of the most widely used methods of psychology are listed below: (I) Observation—Introspection (self-observation t and objective observation  (ii) Experimental method (iii) Interview (iv) Case study method (V) Questionnaire (vi) Cross—sectional method (vii) Longitudinal method (viii) Sequential method and (ix) Survey method. Let us briefly describe the above methods one by one. Observation—Introspection (Self- observation) and Objective Observation Observation is a basic method of scientific study employed Lw all sciences. For this reason, i is generally remarked —’a science begins and also ends with observation’ ‘Observation’ means ‘to look’ or ‘to view’. One may view or observe an event either directly or through sophisticated equipment/instruments. Direct observation is referred le unaided observation while observing by using instruments is called aided observation In psychology, we use both kinds of observation—’aided and unaided’. Aided observations

PRA (सहभागी ग्रामीण आंकलन) क्या हैं ? P.R.A. की परिभाषा व्यापक रूप से की गयी है । यह एक ऐसी एप्रोच विधिया है जिनके द्वारा ग्रामीण लोगो के साथ ,उनके द्वारा तथा उनके ग्रामीण जीवन और परिस्थितियों की जानकारी हासिल की जाती हैं । इसकी विधियों में लचीलापन होता है और स्थानीय आवश्यकताओं के अनुसार इनमे परिवर्तन किया जा सकता हैं । PRA की विशेषताएं सहभागिता पर आधारित हैं लोगो को समर्थ बनाता है तथा उन्हें सशक्त करता है अनुकूलनीय हैं आविष्कारशील है पुनरावृति -मूलक है PRA के अंतर्गत हमारे अर्थात आयोजको द्वारा – घनिष्ठता/ सौहार्द स्थापित किया जाता हैं संयोजन किया जाता हैं सुसाध्य किया जाता हैं उत्प्रेरक का कार्य किया जाता हैं पुछताछ की जाती हैं ग्रामीणों द्वारा – नक़्शे ,माडल चित्र इत्यादि विधियों का प्रयोग किया जाता हैं सुचना दी जाती हैं, स्पष्टीकरण दिए जाते है, विचार विमर्श किया जाता है । स्थानीय लोग सुनते हैं, ध्यान से देखते हैं और सीखते हैं । श्रेणीबद्ध करते है । वाद विवाद करते हैं, प्रभावित करते हैं । विश्लेषण करते हैं और नियोजन करते है । PRA के सिद्धान्त भूमिक

O n a hot summer day in Oxnard, California, I 7-year-oldJuli& stole a car and committed a hit and run. Julio’s childhood was not easy—his mom had abandoned him at birth, and Julio had a history of drug and alcohol problems—but this was the first time he was arrested. On that same summer day, Raymond also was getting into trouble. Ray also came from a troubled family—his dad was in jail and his ¡nom was struggling to make things work for Ray and his four siblings. Ray had begun hanging out with some local taggers, and on a dare, he decided to do some “artwork” on a local alley wall. He too was caught and arrested for the first time. When the police department sent their cases to the probation agency for review, sta ff there felt both of these young men were at risk for reoffense because they had additional risk factors other than their crimi

Wren and Martin's monumental work High School English Grammar and Composition now appears in two editions. One is a deluxe edition, illus- treated in full-color, and the other is an ordinary edition without illustrations. The material in the book has been further updated where called for. It has been felt necessary in particular to revise some material in the chapters dealing with adjectives, active and passive voice, articles and prepositions.  It was in the year 1972 that the shrewd visionary Mr Shyam Lal Gupta obtained the permission of Manecji Cooper Education Trust for the revision of this book and commissioned me to revise it thoroughly. The revised edition came out in 1973 and was well received. One of the main features of the revised edition was the addition of a great deal of new material (such as the three chapters on structures) based on the new developments in the study of English structure and usage. Subsequently the book was revised every four or five years a